Allan Holdsworth’s 10 Most Usable Scales

In 1992, REH released a video for Allan Holdsworth. In it, he gave a little glimpse of his process. His way of displaying and treating scales was of paramount importance.

Included with each of the scale diagrams is a list of the Common Chords which can be derived from that scale.

This article is a work in progress and this topic deserves much expansion, which will be implemented gradually. For the time being, please enjoy this initial listing!

Without Allan Holdsworth, this website wouldn't exist.

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Scale 1: D Dorian


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  • Allan's symbol: Dx
  • This scale is the second mode of the C Major Scale. Holdsworth actually defined this scale in his video as the "C, Dm, G7" scale. We know that Allan, not unlike Pat Martino, preferred 'conversion to minor' whenever possible so the scale is named not as C major a type of D minor scale, which for jazz-improvisation is actually much more efficient. As Allan said in this 1991 interview: "Basically I have a way of breaking down chords into scales and I usually take them to the nearest relative minor and I work on it from there."

On 13 September 2014 there was a "meet & greet" with Allan Holdsworth in The Cutting Room in NYC. Here, Allan discussed his approach and concepts more in-depth than he would typically do or was known for.

In this 'part 3' of the highly recommended recordings of that meet & greet, he explains how he looks at the notes within an octave as a circle, instead of, say, a row and he showed a graphic of his interpretation of such a circle.

He explains how he arrived at his personal concept of approaching the C major scale from the second degree (the D dorian mode), and using it as a vantage point. The reason for this is that he looked at the circle visualization of the scale and found it to be perfectly symmetrical when the D is at 12 o'clock. This is also how he arrived at his naming convention of the 'x' as the most basic scale type.

So, in a way not unlike Pat Martino's approach, he uses 'conversion to minor', looking at each scale preferably as a variant of the dorian mode.

The practice of visualizing scales in this way comes from Musical Set Theory, as a way to visualize pitch classes, a system that takes a highly mathematical approach to music and is more commonly used in the world of classical music, especially amongst scholars and composers. A good example of this is the Chromatic Circle.

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Triads

1 C
2m Dm
3m Em
4 F
5 G
6m Am
7dim Bdim

Seventh Chords

Imaj7 Cmaj7
iim7 Dm7
iiim7 Em7
IVmaj7 Fmaj7
V7 G7
vim7 Am7
viim7b5 Bm7b5

Scale 2: D Melodic Minor


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Allan's symbol: Dⓧ

Formula: 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7

Visit the Main Topic for the D Melodic Minor Scale.


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List: Triads and Seventh chords in the D Melodic Minor scale

Scale 3: A Harmonic Minor


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Allan's symbol: A -6

Formula: 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - 7

Visit the Main Topic for the A Harmonic Minor Scale.


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Triads

1m Am
2dim Bdim
b3+ C+
4dim Ddim
4m Dm
5 E
5+ E+
b6dim Fdim
b6m Fm
b6 F
b6(b5) F(b5)
7dim G#dim
7+ G#+
7(b5) G#(b5)

Seventh Chords

1mMaj7 AmMaj7
2dim7 Bdim7
2m7b5 Bm7b5
b3maj7#5 Cmaj7#5
4dim7 Ddim7
4m7b5 Dm7b5
4m7 Dm7
5dom7 E7
5dom7+ E7+
b6dim7 Fdim7
b6mMaj7 FmMaj7
b6maj7 Fmaj7
b6maj7b5 Fmaj7b5
7dim7 G#dim7

Scale 4: A Melodic Minor #4


A Melodic Minor Sharp 4 - E Harmonic Major

Allan's symbol: A +4

Formula: 1 - 2 - b3 - #4 - 5 - 6 - 7

Visit the Main Topic for the A Melodic Minor #4 Scale.


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Triads

1dim Adim
1m Am
2 B
b3dim Cdim
b3+ C+
b3(b5) C(b5)
#4dim D#dim (Ebdim)
5 E
5+ E+
6dim F#dim (Gbdim)
7m G#m (Abm)
7 G# (Ab)
7+ G#+ (Ab+)

Seventh Chords

1dim7
Adim7
1mMaj7
AmMaj7
2dom7
B7
b3dim7
Cdim7
b3Maj7#5
Cmaj7#5
#4dim7 D#dim7 (Ebdim7)
5maj7
Emaj7
5maj7#5 Emaj7#5
6dim7 F#dim7 (Gbdim7)
6m7b5 F#m7b5 (Gbm7b5)
7m7
G#m7 (Abm7)
7dom7
G#7 (Ab7)
7dom7#5
G#7#5 (Ab7#5)

Scale 5: G Dominant Diminished - Messiaen Mode M2


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  • Allan's symbol: Goo
  • French composer Olivier Messiaen in his work "The Technique of my Musical Language", presented this scale as the second of seven "Modes of Limited Transposition" (Wikipedia). Thus, it may be referred to as the 'M2'.
  • Formula: 1 - b2 - b3 - 3 - #4 - 5 - 6 - b7
  • Visit the Main Topic for the G Dominant Diminished Scale.

List: Triads and Seventh Chords in the G Dominant Diminished Scale

Scale 6: Bb Jazz Major


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List: Triads and Seventh Chords in the Bb Jazz Major scale


TriadsSeventh Chords
  1. Bb
  2. Bb+
  3. C-
  4. D-
  5. D
  6. D+
  7. Ebº
  8. Eb-
  9. Eb
  10. Eb(b5)
  11. F
  12. Gbº
  13. Gb+
  14. Gb(b5)
  15. G-
BbΔ
Bb+Δ
Cº7
Cm7b5
C-7
D-7
D7
D+7
Ebº7
Eb-Δ
EbΔ
EbΔ#11 (no 5)
F7
Gbº7
Gb+Δ
GbΔ#11 (no 5)
G-7
G-Δ
Aº7
Am7b5

Scale 7: C Jazz Dominant


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Allan's symbol: C7ɤ

Formula: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - b7 - 7

Visit the Main Topic for the C Jazz Dominant Scale.


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List: Triads and Seventh Chords in the C Jazz Dominant scale


TriadsSeventh Chords
  1. C
  2. D-
  3. E-
  4. F
  5. F(b5)
  6. G-
  7. G
  8. A-
  9. Bb
  10. Bb(b5)
  1. C7
  2. D-7
  3. Em7b5
  4. E-7
  5. FΔb5
  6. G-7
  7. G7
  8. A-7
  9. BbΔ
  10. BbΔb5
  11. Bm7b5

Scale 8: B Bebop Dorian


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Allan's symbol: Bxɤ

Formula: 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - b7 - 7

Visit the Main Topic for the B Bebop Dorian Scale.


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List: Triads and Seventh Chords in the B Bebop Dorian scale


Triads Seventh Chords
  1. Bm
  2. C#m
  3. D
  4. D+
  5. D(b5)
  6. E
  7. E(b5)
  8. F#m
  9. F#
  10. F#+
  11. G#dim
  12. A
  13. A#dim
  14. A#+
  15. A#(b5)
  1. Bm7
  2. BmMaj7
  3. Dbm7
  4. Dmaj7
  5. Dmaj7#5
  6. Dmaj7#11 (no 5)
  7. E7
  8. E7#11 (no 5)
  9. Gbm7
  10. Gb7
  11. Gb7#5
  12. Abm7b5
  13. Amaj7
  14. Bbm7b5
  15. Bbmaj7#5
  16. Bb7#5
  17. Bb7#11 (no 5)
  18. Bbmaj7#11 (no 5)

Scale 9: A Bebop Melodic Minor


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Allan's symbol: Aɤ

Formula: 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - 6 - 7

Visit the Main Topic for the A Bebop Melodic Minor Scale.


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List: Triads and Seventh Chords in the A Bebop Melodic Minor scale

Triads Seventh Chords
  1. Am
  2. Bdim
  3. Bm
  4. C+
  5. C(b5)
  6. Ddim
  7. Dm
  8. D
  9. D(b5)
  10. E
  11. E+
  12. Fdim
  13. Fm
  14. F
  15. F(b5)
  16. F#dim
  17. G#dim
  18. G#+
  19. G#(b5)
  1. AmMaj7
  2. Bdim7
  3. Bm7b5
  4. B 7
  5. Cmaj7#5
  6. Cmaj7b5
  7. Ddim7
  8. Dm7b5
  9. Dm7
  10. D7
  11. D7b5
  12. E7
  13. E7#5
  14. Fdim7
  15. FmMaj7
  16. Fmaj7
  17. Fmaj7b5
  18. Gbm7b5
  19. Abdim7
  20. Abm7b5
  21. Ab7#5
  22. Ab7b5

Scale 10: The Tcherepnin Scale - Key of C - Messiaen Mode 3


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  • Allan's symbol: Cooo
  • Formula: 1 - 2 - b3 - 3 - #4 - 5 - b6 - b7 - 7
  • French composer Olivier Messiaen in his book La technique de mon langage musical ("The Technique of my Musical Language"), presented this scale as the third of seven "Modes of Limited Transposition" (Wikipedia). Thus, it may be commonly referred to as the 'M3'.
  • This scale was also a defining part of the musical language of composer-pianist Alexander Tcherepnin, and because of this it also came to be known as the "Tcherepnin scale", particularly because famous author-composer Nicolas Slonimsky named it thus in his 1968 book Alexander Tcherepnin Septuagenarian (pg. 19–20). 
  • Messiaen Mode 3 - Key of C
  • Messiaen Mode 3 - Key of D
  • Messiaen Mode 3 - Key of G
  • Messiaen Mode 3 - Key of A
  • Rick Beato on the Modes of Limited Transposition.
  • Here's a (crude) clip of Nelson Veras during a clinic at the Conservatory of Amsterdam expounding on improvising with this scale. And here.

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Triads and Seventh Chords in the Tcherepnin Scale


Major Triads: C, Eb, E, G, Ab, B

Minor Triads: Cm, Ebm, Em, Gm, Abm, Bm

Diminished Triads: Cdim, Edim, Abdim

Augmented Triads: C+, D+, Eb+, E+, Gb+, G+, Ab+, Bb+, B+

Flat-Five Triads: C(b5), D(b5), E(b5), Gb(b5), Ab(b5), Bb(b5)

Major Seventh Chords: Cmaj7, Ebmaj7, Emaj7, Gmaj7, Abmaj7, Bmaj7

Minor Seventh Chords: Cm7, Em7, Abm7

Dominant Seventh Chords: C7, E7, Ab7

Half-Diminished Chords: Cm7b5, Em7b5, Abm7b5

Minor-Major Seventh Chords: CmMaj7, EbmMaj7, EmMaj7, GmMaj7, AbmMaj7, BmMaj7

Augmented Major Seventh Chords: Cmaj7#5, Ebmaj7#5, Emaj7#5, Gmaj7#5, Abmaj7#5, Bmaj7#5

Major Seven Flat Five Chords: Cmaj7b5, Emaj7b5, Abmaj7b5

Augmented Dominant Seventh Chords: C7#5, E7#5, Ab7#5

Dominant Seventh Flat Five Chords: C7b5, D7b5, E7b5, Gb7b5, Ab7b5, Bb7b5

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